What AWS Depends On: The Hidden Framework Behind Cloud Infrastructure

While Amazon Web Services (AWS) powers a large portion of the Internet’s cloud services, its operations rest on several critical underlying systems. From electrical grids to fiber-optics and human expertise, the cloud provider’s reliability depends on multiple foundational layers.

The Physical Foundations of Cloud Infrastructure Dependencies

Data Centres, Power & Cooling

At the heart of AWS’s operations are its data centres, grouped into geographies known as Regions and Availability Zones (AZs). According to AWS, its global infrastructure spans 120 Availability Zones in 38 geographic Regions.

Key dependencies for each data centre include:

• Reliable access to electrical power, including utility supply, backup generators and uninterruptible power systems.
• Cooling systems and climate control to maintain server performance and hardware longevity.
• Physical buildings and structural integrity are needed to protect from events like weather, seismic activity, or fire.
  Research on inter-dependencies shows that large portions of internet infrastructure are vulnerable to failures in power grids. For example, one study found that nearly 65 % of public internet infrastructure components align with fewer than 10 power grid failure zones.

Networking & Connectivity

AWS’s global network includes more than 6 million km of terrestrial and subsea fibre-optic cables.
Dependencies here include:

• Undersea cables, terrestrial fibre, network switches and routing hardware.
• Internet backbone providers and peering arrangements.
• Low-latency, high-capacity links between AZs and Regions so that AWS can offer fault-tolerant and distributed services.
  For example, AWS documentation explains how global services use distributed Points of Presence (PoPs) and control-plane/data-plane separation to reduce single points of failure.

Supply Chain: Hardware, Semiconductors and Logistics

AWS depends on:

• Processors, memory modules and storage drives manufactured by third parties (e.g., CPUs, SSDs).
• Network hardware, racks, power-distribution units and cooling infrastructure.
• Logistics and manufacturing supply chains, which can be disrupted by geopolitical events, natural disasters or global pandemics.
  Although direct numbers for AWS’s procurement are not publicly broken down, these are implicit in how data-centres scale and expand globally. For instance, AWS’s expansion announcements in multiple regions indicate capital investment and hardware deployment.

Software, Services & Human Expertise

While much of AWS’s offering is software-defined (virtualization, orchestration, containers, serverless), dependencies remain:

• Open-source components and third-party middleware that AWS uses or integrates with.
• Engineers, operations staff and security teams who design, maintain and monitor AWS infrastructure and services.
• Procedures, best practices and automation scripts to manage risk, updates, patches and failover.
  In an infrastructure guidance document, AWS warns that control‐plane failures (e.g., for services like IAM and Route 53) can impact recovery strategies and emphasises designing for isolation of data-plane operations.

Regulatory, Legal & Environmental Dependencies

AWS must also navigate:

• Legal and regulatory environments in each country/region (data sovereignty, privacy laws, export controls).
• Environmental factors such as renewable energy commitments, resource consumption (power/water) and sustainability pressures.
• Government permits, operation licences and local partnerships for building data centres and network links.
  For example, AWS’s investment commitments in various states are tied to long-term energy service agreements and zoning approvals.

Why It Matters: The Implications of These Dependencies

• Risk concentration: Despite AWS’s scale, underlying dependencies (power, fibre, hardware) remain vulnerable. An outage in an AZ or Region can cascade. For example, a recent AWS disruption in the US-East-1 Region affected core services like DynamoDB and EC2.
• Resilience strategy: Because of these dependencies, customers building on AWS must account for faults in power, networking or supply chain, not just cloud failures.
• Infrastructure transparency: As digital services become essential, the fact that cloud providers depend on “physical” systems highlights that the cloud isn’t immaterial; it relies on real-world infrastructure.
• Geopolitical and regulatory exposure: Building or expanding cloud regions involves government relations, local utilities, compliance and cultural contexts, implying that cloud reliability is also a matter of policy and geography.

Comparison: Cloud Provider Dependence vs On-Premises

The cloud infrastructure dependencies of AWS reveal that even the most sophisticated cloud provider rests on tangible foundations, power, hardware, networks, people and policy. Recognising these dependencies helps businesses architect more resilient systems and better understand the trade-offs of relying on large-scale providers.

Tags: cloud infrastructure dependencies, AWS dependencies, Amazon Web Services, data centre power grid, cloud networking fibre, cloud supply chain, global cloud infrastructure, tech regulation cloud